Mostrando postagens com marcador Saude Pública Veterinária. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador Saude Pública Veterinária. Mostrar todas as postagens

quinta-feira, 23 de junho de 2011

Escherichia coli O157 H7: presencia en alimentos no cárnicos

Arch Argent Pediatr 2007; 105(3):193-194 / 193
Dra. Etelvina A. Rubeglio(Laboratorio de Análisis Biológicos.)  y Lic. Silvia Tesone(Laboratorio Biocult.)



A raíz de la aparición en Estados Unidos de un nuevo brote de E. coli enterohemorrágico detectado esta vez en la producción de espinacas1 y que afectó a más de veinte estados y a países importadores, como Méjico, Canadá y Tailandia, la intención de este comentario es llamar la atención sobre la importancia del hallazgo de este microorganismo en el medio ambiente.
Escherichia coli serotipo O157:H7 es un microorganismo patógeno relacionado con infecciones graves en el hombre y producidas por contaminación del agua y los alimentos.
La patogenicidad se asocia principalmente a la producción de citotoxinas llamadas verotoxinas (SLT-1 y SLT-2).
Este microorganismo es la causa principal de colitis hemorrágica, aunque otros serotipos de E. coli y Shigella spp pueden producir citotoxinas semejantes y desencadenar la misma patología. Con predominancia en niños menores de 5 años, la infección puede ocasionar el síndrome urémico hemolítico (SHU).4 Hasta el presente, E. coli O157:H7 es el serotipo más frecuentemente aislado en brotes epidémicos.5 La Argentina tiene la
mayor incidencia en el mundo: actualmente, alrededor de 13,9 casos por cada 100.000 niños menores de 5 años, sin calcular el subregistro de la enfermedad.
Estas cifras y la variedad de cepas productoras de verotoxinas destacan la importancia del coprocultivo como prueba rápida de detección de verotoxina en materia fecal y de la necesidad de incorporarla a la rutina de estudio, para todos los casos sospechosos de infección con una bacteria que la produzca.
Se han descripto brotes asociados a la ingestión de carne picada poco cocida, lácteos y jugos de frutas sin pasteurizar, como también verduras. 
Asimismo, son numerosos los brotes de enfermedad transmitidos por consumo de agua contaminada en ámbitos recreacionales (lagos, piletas de natación, etc). También se han descripto casos de contaminación por E. coli O157 debidos a contaminación cruzada por manipuladores, equipamiento y utensilios.

Estudios en muestras de ganado vacuno revelan un alto grado de colonización, pero ha sido aislado también recientemente en otros animales salvajes y domésticos. La transmisión persona a persona también se ha documentado y se demostró portación asintomática que varió entre 1-36 días, con una media de 9 días en niños y 7,5 en adultos. La dosis infectiva de este microorganismo es muy baja: alrededor de 10 células bacterianas.
Algunos trabajos determinan que 2 bacterias en 25 g de alimento son suficientes para causar infección, sin que la bacteria se haya multiplicado en el alimento sino, simplemente, sobrevivido. 
Para el aislamiento en alimentos no existen hasta el momento normas oficiales reproducibles, sensibles y sencillas, y están en desarrollo varios métodos moleculares. Se han descripto variantes fenotípicas que pueden tener un alto impacto en los porcentajes obtenidos según los métodos de diagnóstico.
Los informes de prevalencia en producción primaria, hasta el momento, son difícilmente comparables por causa de los diferentes métodos de muestreo y de laboratorio utilizados. Los informes sobre casos de brotes asociados a vegetales en otros países no publican datos sobre la prevalencia del microorganismo en esos alimentos, hierbas o especias, pero se describen brotes de SUH por ellos.
Teniendo en cuenta estas consideraciones iniciamos hace un año, con un grupo de ingenieros agrónomos y bromatólogos, un relevamiento sobre la presencia de E. coli O157 en alimentos de consumo humano no cárnicos, como también de las cepas no E. coli O157.
Se trató de un estudio piloto para poder definir la varianza y, con ella, el tamaño de la muestra para cada subgrupo de productos que será objeto de una investigación posterior. El aislamiento y la identificación de E coli O157 en alimentos de origen no cárnico, tanto crudos como procesados, presenta altos grados de dificultad.

La mayoría de los trabajos descriptos en la bibliografía especializada se basan en estudios sobre brotes de SUH con aislamientos en muestras clínicas y, en la mayoría de casos, no se logró aislar el microorganismo del alimento. 
En nuestro estudio, con el objetivo de detectar la bacteria en alimentos no cárnicos y aguas se utilizaron varios métodos en paralelo: medios de cultivo tradicionales y cromogénicos y métodos de diagnóstico presuntivo por enzimoinmunoanálisis.
En cuanto a las cepas aisladas, se probaron contra sueros para E. coli O157 y contra otros sueros polivalentes de E. coli que también pueden producir verotoxinas y el SUH.
La elección de los lugares de muestras fueron en Capital y Gran Buenos Aires: Mercado de abasto, venta ambulante, huertas, supermercados pequeños, autoservicios y mercados al aire libre. Se trató de optimizar la representatividad de las muestras (más de una unidad) y se eligieron productos de venta al peso, o vendidos a
granel, o de mayoristas, no envasados previamente y verduras que pueda suponerse no hayan sufrido lavado alguno.
Se difinieron los grupos de la siguiente manera:
1) Aguas de consumo/riego y jugos.
2) Verduras y frutas.
3) Lácteos.
Se investigó:
a) Presencia de coliformes totales.
b) Presencia de E. coli no O157 y se informaron como E. coli no O157/50 g (EC1 o EC2).
c) Presencia de E. coli O157 y se informaron como E. coli O157 /50 g.
Los resultados obtenidos fueron:
Frutas y verduras: 68 muestras Positivas para E. coli O157: 4 (5,88%) y los aislamientos fueron en una cebolla de verdeo y tres muestras de verduras cortadas y preparadas en bandejas para su venta.
Lácteos: 53 muestras Positivos para E. coli O157: 2 (3,77%). Se aisló en una mozarella y una ricota. Ambas muestras fueron productos no envasados y de venta al peso. 
Alimentos preparados: 45 muestras Positivos para E. coli O157 positivas: 1 (2,22%).
Se aisló en una pasta rellena con verdura.

Agua y jugos: 40 muestras Positivas para E. coli O157: (0,00%). Aunque en casi un 50% de ellas se detectó contaminación con coliformes, o sea contaminación fecal.
En ninguna muestra se aislaron otros serotipos de E. coli buscados.
En este estudio piloto de 206 muestras la presencia confirmada de E. coli O157 fue de 3,4%.
El fin de esta comunicación es enfatizar la presencia del microorganismo en la naturaleza, donde sobrevive aun en condiciones no óptimas para su desarrollo. Prueba de ello son los episodios de brote (alimentos o agua) cada vez más frecuentes.
Se requieren medidas higiénicas cada vez más minuciosas en los procesos de producción, conservación, transporte y manufactura de alimentos, tanto a nivel industrial como doméstico y, especialmente, un estricto control del agua que utilizamos para consumo, riego o recreación.
Por último, destacamos la necesidad de diseñar campañas de información y educativas para alertar a la población sobre el adecuado uso de los procedimientos a seguir, tanto en la elección del alimento como en la forma de su manipulación y cocción. Además, esas campañas deberían concientizar a los productores y los manipuladores de alimentos sobre los peligros que acarrea desconocer las normas establecidas.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Committee for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ongoing multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli serotype O157: H 7 infections associated with consumption of fresh spinach. United Status. MMWR 2006; 55:1045.
2. Kenn JE, Wittum TE, Dunn JR, Bono JL, Durso LM. Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural fair livestock United Status. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:780-785.
3. Karmali MA, Petric M, Lim C, et al. The association between idiopathic hemolitic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 1986; 151:775-782.
4. Gianantonio CA, Vitacco M, Mendilaharzu F, et al. The hemo-litic uremic syndrome. Nephrom 1973; 1:174-192.
5. Rivas M, et al. Characterization and Epidemiologic Subtyping of Shiga toxin Producing Escherichia coli Strain Isolated from Hemolytic Uremia Syndrome and Diarrea Cases in Argentina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 1(3):88-96.
6. Olsen SJ, Millar G, Breuer T, et al. Waterborne Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections and Hemolitic Uremic Syndrome: implications for rural water system. CDC 2002; 8:100-112.



quarta-feira, 18 de maio de 2011

Veterinary Services Focuses on One Health



De: USDAAPHIS  | 01/03/2011  | 722 exibições
The concept of One Health isn't new. But what is new is that APHIS' Veterinary Services (VS) is refocusing its priorities, its resources, and its people on how animal health intersects with public and environmental health. In this clip, Dr. John Clifford, VS Deputy Administrator, discusses how VS is emphasizing the importance of One Health. 

segunda-feira, 9 de maio de 2011

Veterinary Public Health (VPH): BULLETIN NUMBER: VPH122-May04


Veterinary Public Health (VPH) is defined as “The contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science” [WHO/FAO/OIE definition 1999].
Human health, animal husbandry and animal health are closely connected and VPH is a fundamental part of public health whereby human health and well-being are the main objectives. VPH is multidisciplinary and contributes to many areas of public health that are not always related to animals. In order to integrate veterinary public health into the goals of public health, it is essential to improve collaboration between human and veterinary medical science, environmental science and other related fields - in accordance with ‘one health’ principles.  

  NEWS
LATEST OUTBREAKS – VPH
ASIA (Indonesia): Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1
May 3, 2011. Recently, the livestock and animal health official of East Kalimantan province reported that around 20, 000 birds of kampong chicken in Kutai Kertanegara district were dead because of H5N1 HPAI [...]
EUROPE (United Kingdom): Tuberculosis
April 28, 2011. Eighty dairy cows on the farm near Penrith have already been slaughtered and a further 20 are to be slaughtered next week as TB hits Cumbrian farm [...]
To view reported cases of animal diseases visit the EMPRES-i website.
EMPRES-i is a global animal health information system of the FAO's EMPRES programme that focuses on the user need to easily find and collect in one place all the information available for animal health and transboundary animal diseases. EMPRES-i compiles, stores and verifies animal diseases outbreaks data (including zoonoses) from numerous sources (e.g. FAO representatives, FAO reports, OIE reports, official government, European Commission, FAO reference centres and laboratories) for early warning and risk analysis.
LATEST NEWS – FOOD SAFETY
More melamine-tainted milk powder uncovered in China
April 27, 2011.  China is facing yet another case of melamine contamination after police seized 26 tonnes of tainted milk powder from an ice cream manufacturer [...]
US Meat and Poultry Is Widely Contaminated With Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria, Study Finds
Drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium linked to a wide range of human diseases are present in meat and poultry from U.S. grocery stores at unexpectedly high rates, according to a nationwide study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) [...]
Occurrence of Campylobacter on Eggshells – Source of Foodborne Infection?
Researchers in Bavaria suggest that the presence of thermo-tolerant Campylobacter on four per cent of the eggshells they tested may be a missing link for foodborne infections [...]
OTHER NEWS
EU to target antimicrobial resistance in 2012
May 3, 2011. When Denmark takes over the EU Presidency on 1 January 2012, antimicrobial resistance will be a priority, especially for pig farmers [...]
New journal addresses infection between animals and humans
Co-Action Publishing announces the launch of a new peer reviewed open access journal, Infection Ecology & Epidemiology [...]
ONE HEALTH NEWS
1st International One Health Congress (14 – 16 February 2011)
Summary [...]
New journal: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
Co-Action Publishing announces the launch of a new peer reviewed open access journal, Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. The new journal addresses infection between animals and humans [...]
One health: the small companion animal dimension. 
Veterinary Record 167, 847-849 [...]
One Health News [...]
One Health Newsletter [...]
ANNOUNCEMENTS
First Announcement - Colloquium on Zoonoses and Neglected Infectious Diseases of Africa
This colloquium organised jointly by the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM, Belgium) and the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases of the University of Pretoria (DVTD, South-Africa) will be held from 1 to 4 November 2011 at Johannesburg, South Africa. The deadline for abstract submission is 15 May 2011 [...]
JEMRA – Call for Data and Experts on Food borne parasitic Diseases
JEMRA, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment calls for data and experts on food borne parasitic diseases - Deadline 31st July 2011 [...]
Towards Global Health Equity: Opportunities and Threats 2012 - Call for Abstracts
The 13th Triennial World Congress on Public Health would be held at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from April 21-29, 2012. Abstract Submission Deadline is Friday, October 21, 2011, Midnight Pacific [...]
IV International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference 2012
Organisers have announced the IV International Giardia and Cryptosporidium conference that would be held at Wellington, New Zealand from 30th January to 3rd February 2012 [...]
15th International Congress on Infectious Diseases 2012
Bangkok has been selected by the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID) as the venue for the 15th International Congress on Infectious Diseases in June 13-16, 2012. The deadline for the submission of abstracts would be February 12, 2012 [...]
AGA e-newsletter
To receive regular updates by email on all issues relating FAO's work on animal production and health, subscribe to the AGA e-newsletter. It contains information on upcoming events, publications, programme activities, articles and press releases [Click here to subscribe]

  EVENTS
1. May 17-20, 2011. International Conference on Animal Health Surveillance at Lyon, France [...]
2. June 8-10, 2011. First International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses and VI Congreso Argentino de Zoonosis at Buenos Aires, Argentina [...]
3. June 12-15, 2011. International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases at Barcelona, Spain [...]
4. June 13-17, 2011. Role, Impact and Welfare of working animals at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy [...]
5. June 20-22, 2011. Safe Pork Conference 2011 at Maastricht, The Netherlands [...]
6. July 8-10, 2011. ISID-Neglected Tropical Diseases meeting 2011 at Boston [...]
7. July 10-13, 2011. 4th Biennial Australian Animal Studies Group Conference 2011 – “Animals, People – a Shared Environment” at Brisbane, Qld Australia [...]
8. July 26-29, 2011. 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries at Nachonratchasima, Thailand [...]
9. August 21-25, 2011. 23rd. International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology would be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina [...]
10. August 31-September 1, 2011. International Symposium on EID and Zoonoses at Shanghai [...]
11. September 7-9, 2011. Global Conference on Rabies Control: Towards Sustainable Prevention at the Source at Seoul [...]
12. September 7-9, 2011. 1st International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI): Impact, Limitations, and Needs in Developing Countries at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [...]
13. September 7-9, 2011. 6th European Congress of Bovine Health Management at Liege, Belgium [...]
14. September 14-18, 2011. XXIVth World Congress of Hydatidology at Urumqi, China [...]
15. October 10-14, 2011. 30th World Veterinary Congress 2011 “Caring for Animals: Healthy Communities” at Cape Town, South Africa [...]
16. October 15-19, 2011. IDF World Dairy Summit 2011 at Parma, Italy [...]
17. October 16-21, 2011. 22nd International Conference on Rabies in the Americas (RITA) in San Juan, Puerto Rico [...]
18. October 27, 2011. 27th meeting of the task force on zoonoses data collection at Rome [...]
19. October 27-29, 2011. The Second Chinese Veterinary Conference 2011 2011 at Xiamen, Fujian Province [...]
20. November 21-24 2011. 2nd World Conference on Biological Invasions and Ecosystem Functioning at Mar del Plata, Argentina [...]

  PUBLICATIONS
1. The Emergence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398 [...]
2. Outbreak of Q fever, Florac, Southern France, Spring 2007 [...]
3. Prevalence of Three Zoonotic Babesia Species in Ixodes ricinus (Linné, 1758) Nymphs in a Suburban Forest in Switzerland [...]
4. A Comparison of Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Fatal Human Infections with H5N1 and Human Influenza Viruses in Thailand, 2004–2006 [...]
5. Challenges of global surveillance during an influenza pandemic [...]
6. Live Bird Markets of Bangladesh: H9N2 Viruses and the Near Absence of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza [...]
7. The Newsletter of The Global Alliance for Rabies Control [...]
8. H5N1 HPAI Global Overview – January/March 2011 [...]
9. Update on human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection, 2010 [...]
10. H5N1 Disease Comparisons [...]
11. The WVA veterinary schools and faculties database [...]
12. International Veterinary Information Service [...]

  TRAINING

  EMPLOYMENT
1. FAO – Programme Officer (FAOR Network), Santiago, Chile – Closing date: May 5, 2011 [...]
2. FAO – Food Safety and Quality Officer, Rome, Italy – Closing date: May 22, 2011 [...]
3. FAO – Food Security Officer, Rome, Italy – Closing date: May 30, 2011 [...]

sexta-feira, 29 de abril de 2011

Veterinary Public Health E-Bulletin




Veterinary Public Health (VPH) is defined as “The contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science” [WHO/FAO/OIE definition 1999].
Human health, animal husbandry and animal health are closely connected and VPH is a fundamental part of public health whereby human health and well-being are the main objectives. VPH is multidisciplinary and contributes to many areas of public health that are not always related to animals. In order to integrate veterinary public health into the goals of public health, it is essential to improve collaboration between human and veterinary medical science, environmental science and other related fields - in accordance with ‘one health’ principles.

  NEWS
LATEST OUTBREAKS – VPH
AFRICA (Egypt): Avian Influenza virus infection in humans
April 21, 2011. On 16 April 2011, the Ministry of Health of Egypt notified WHO of two new cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus [...]
ASIA (Bangladesh): Avian Influenza (HPAI)
April 19, 2011. A total of 6, 000 poultry birds were culled and 29, 000 eggs destroyed following outbreak of bird flu at a hatchery at Kashada village under Shivalaya upazila last week [...]
ASIA (Cambodia): Avian Influenza virus infection in humans
April 21, 2011. The Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Cambodia has announced a confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus [...]
ASIA (Indonesia): Avian Influenza (HPAI)
April 26, 2011. Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia has reported 18 new outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI, all of them in the Gorontalo region during the month of April, 2011 [...]
ASIA (Mongolia): Avian Influenza (HPAI)
April 21, 2011. One new outbreak of H5 HPAI has been reported from Sukhbaatar region among wild species of Whooper swans [...]
ASIA (Vietnam): Avian Influenza (HPAI)
April 26, 2011. Vietnam reports new outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI in villages in the Vinh Long and Quang Tri regions [...] [...]
AUSTRALIA (New South Wales) Leptospirosis
April 21, 2011. Four cases of leptospirosis have been confirmed in the Murrumbidgee Local Health Network [...]
To view reported cases of animal diseases visit the EMPRES-i website.
EMPRES-i is a global animal health information system of the FAO's EMPRES programme that focuses on the user need to easily find and collect in one place all the information available for animal health and transboundary animal diseases. EMPRES-i compiles, stores and verifies animal diseases outbreaks data (including zoonoses) from numerous sources (e.g. FAO representatives, FAO reports, OIE reports, official government, European Commission, FAO reference centres and laboratories) for early warning and risk analysis.
LATEST NEWS – FOOD SAFETY
USDA Announces Availability of Compliance Guide to Help Reduce Foodborne Illness
April 25, 2011.  The U.S. Department of Agriculture´s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is providing a set of draft guidelines to help small and very small meat and poultry manufacturers reduce harmful bacteria in ready-to-eat foods [...]
How to manage media over meat contamination
Prompt public communication, acknowledgement of real and perceived risks, and control of stigma are key to effective management of food safety crisis, says a team of experts investigating lessons from two dioxin crises [...]
OTHER NEWS
World Veterinary Day - 30 April 2011
World Veterinary Day was instigated by the World Veterinary Association (WVA) in 2000 to be celebrated annually on the last Saturday of April [...]
Stamping out H5N1 avian influenza could take decades
Eliminating the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus from poultry in the six countries where it remains endemic will take ten or more years, according to a new FAO report [...]
Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by veterinarians in Australia
Research has proved that carriage of MRSA is a notable occupational health issue for veterinarians in clinical practice in Australia, particularly those who work with horses [...]
Interactive database of emerging animal diseases goes live
The database - established with the assistance and input of expert groups – contains 12 disease fact sheets made available for public consultation and comments [...]
Study suggests avian flu risk low in falconers
The risk of contracting avian influenza is low in falconry, according to a field study that involved a group of German falconers, their falcons, and the birds' avian prey [...]
ONE HEALTH NEWS
One health: the small companion animal dimension. Veterinary Record 167, 847-849 [...]
One Health News [...]
One Health Newsletter [...]
ANNOUNCEMENTS
IDF World Dairy Summit 2011 – Call for Abstracts
IDF World Dairy Summit would be held at Parma, Italy from October 15 – 19, 2011. The deadline for the submission of abstracts is April 30, 2011 [...]
Colloquium on Zoonoses and Neglected Infectious Diseases of Africa - First Announcement
This colloquium organised jointly by the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM, Belgium) and the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases of the University of Pretoria (DVTD, South-Africa) will be held from 1 to 4 November 2011 at Johannesburg, South Africa. The deadline for abstract submission is 15 May 2011 [...]
Towards Global Health Equity: Opportunities and Threats 2012 - Call for Abstracts
The 13th Triennial World Congress on Public Health would be held at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from April 21-29, 2012. Abstract Submission Deadline is Friday, October 21, 2011, Midnight Pacific [...]
IV International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference 2012
Organisers have announced the IV International Giardia and Cryptosporidium conference that would be held at Wellington, New Zealand from 30th January to 3rd February 2012 [...]
15th International Congress on Infectious Diseases 2012
Bangkok has been selected by the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID) as the venue for the 15th International Congress on Infectious Diseases in June 13-16, 2012. The deadline for the submission of abstracts would be February 12, 2012 [...]
AGA e-newsletter
To receive regular updates by email on all issues relating FAO's work on animal production and health, subscribe to the AGA e-newsletter. It contains information on upcoming events, publications, programme activities, articles and press releases [Click here to subscribe]

  EVENTS
1. May 17-20, 2011. International Conference on Animal Health Surveillance at Lyon, France [...]
2. June 12 – 15, 2011. International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases at Barcelona, Spain [...]
3. June 13 – 17, 2011. Role, Impact and Welfare of working animals at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy [...]
4. June 20 – 22, 2011. Safe Pork Conference 2011 at Maastricht, The Netherlands [...]
5. July 8-10, 2011. ISID-Neglected Tropical Diseases meeting 2011 at Boston [...]
6. July 10-13, 2011. 4th Biennial Australian Animal Studies Group Conference 2011 – “Animals, People – a Shared Environment” at Brisbane, Qld Australia [...]
7. July 26-29, 2011. 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries at Nachonratchasima, Thailand [...]
8. August 21- 25, 2011. 23rd. International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology would be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina [...]
9. August 31-September 1, 2011 International Symposium on EID and Zoonoses at Shanghai [...]
10. September 7-9, 2011. Global Conference on Rabies Control: Towards Sustainable Prevention at the Source at Seoul [...]
11. September 7-9, 2011. 1st International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI): Impact, Limitations, and Needs in Developing Countries at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [...]
12. September 14-18, 2011. XXIVth World Congress of Hydatidology at Urumqi, China [...]
13. October 10-14, 2011. 30th World Veterinary Congress 2011 “Caring for Animals: Healthy Communities” at Cape Town, South Africa [...]
14. October 16-21, 2011. 22nd International Conference on Rabies in the Americas (RITA) in San Juan, Puerto Rico [...]
15. October 27, 2011. 27th meeting of the task force on zoonoses data collection at Rome [...]
16. October 27-29, 2011. The Second Chinese Veterinary Conference 2011 2011 at Xiamen, Fujian Province [...]
17. November 21-24 2011. 2nd World Conference on Biological Invasions and Ecosystem Functioning at Mar del Plata, Argentina [...]

  PUBLICATIONS
1. Vector-borne Infections [...]
2. The WVA veterinary schools and faculties database [...]
3. International Veterinary Information Service [...]

  TRAINING

  EMPLOYMENT
1. FAO – Senior Livestock coordinator, Nairobi, Kenya – Closing date: April 27, 2011 [...]
2. FAO – Programme Officer (FAOR Network), Santiago, Chili – Closing date: May 5, 2011 [...]
3. FAO – Food Safety and Quality Officer, Rome, Italy – Closing date: May 22, 2011 [...]