Atualização em Zoonoses

Single-topic compilations of the information shaping our profession Updated January 2010 Potential zoonotic agents of bioterrorism Anthrax Anthrax Highlights: •   Agent: Bacillus anthracis bacterium •   Exposure to air is a key to sporulation •   Death may be caused by toxins or bacteremia  Disruption of infected carcasses a key to spread View article   (PDF, 382 KB) Sean V. Shadomy, Theresa L. Smith Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Jul 1;233(1):63-72. Arenaviruses The arenaviruses Highlights: •   Rodent-borne RNA viruses, e.g. Lassa virus •   Category A bioterrorism pathogens •   Viral hemorrhagic fever has high case fatality rate  Veterinarians handling rodents must know risks View article   (PDF, 525 KB) Michele T. Jay, Carol Glaser, Charles F. Fulhorst Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Sep 15;227(6):904-15. Brucellosis Brucellosis Highlights: •   One of the oldest recognized bioterror agents •   Abortion is most common sign in livestock •   Typically transmitted via reproductive tissues, milk  Slaughter of infected animals key to control View article   (PDF, 564 KB) M. Kathleen Glynn, Tracey V. Lynn Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Sep 15;233(6):900-8. Filoviruses Filovirus infections Highlights: •   Ebola, Marburg viruses make up this group •   Human infection linked to primates, bats •   Highly virulent with mortality rate near 90%  Need improved surveillance of outbreaks View article   (PDF, 451 KB) Kelly L. Warfield, Emily M. Deal, Sina Bavari Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 May 1;234(9):1130-9. Glanders Glanders Highlights: •   Highly contagious disease of horses, mules •   Respiratory, cutaneous, lymphatic nodules seen •   Has been used historically as bioterrorism agent  Caution: Treating animals may create carrier state View article   (PDF, 354 KB) Glenda D. Dvorak, Anna R. Spickler Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Aug 15;233(4):570-7. Hantaviruses Hantaviruses: etiologic agents of rare, but potentially life-threatening zoonotic diseases Highlights: •   Rodent-borne viruses, e.g. Sin Nombre Virus •   In US, causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome •   1993 outbreak: 38% case fatality rate  Take precautions when handling mice, habitats View article   (PDF, 108 KB) Charles H. Calisher, James N. Mills, J. Jeffrey Root, Barry J. Beaty Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Jan 15;222(2):163-6. Plague Plague: a veterinary perspective Highlights: •   Agent: Yersinia pestis bacterium •   5-15 human cases reported in US each year •   Cat-associated plague first reported in 1977  Do not send cats home if plague is suspected View article   (PDF, 87 KB) Kathleen A. Orloski, Sarah L. Lathrop Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Feb 15;222(4):444-8. Psittacosis Psittacosis/avian chlamydiosis Highlights: •   Agent: Chlamydophila psittaci bacterium •   Affects 150 avian, many mammalian species •   Diverse illnesses possible in human infection  Human infection a serious risk in poultry industry View article   (PDF, 93 KB) Millicent Eidson Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Dec 15;221(12):1710-2. Q fever Q fever Highlights: •   Agent: Coxiella burnetii rickettsial bacterium •   Key route: Aerosolized infected parturient tissues •   Chronic disease can be deadly  Livestock workers at greatest risk of exposure View article   (PDF, 61 KB) Jennifer H. McQuiston, James E. Childs, Herbert A. Thompson Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Sep 15;221(6):796-9. Rift Valley fever virus Rift Valley fever virus Highlights: •   Mosquito-borne pathogen of livestock, humans •   Hallmark: Abortion storms after heavy rain •   Disease often recognized in humans first  One-medicine approach is critical View article   (PDF, 730 KB) Brian H. Bird, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Stuart T. Nichol, N. James MacLachlan Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Apr 1;234(7):883-893. Tularemia Tularemia Highlights: •   Agent: Francisella tularensis coccobacillus •   Also known as "rabbit fever" •   Pneumonic form: 60% untreated fatality rate  Aerosolized form has potential for great harm View article   (PDF, 285 KB) Katherine Anne Feldman Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Mar 15;222(6):725-30. General Biological terrorism against animals and humans: a brief review and primer for action Highlights: •   Veterinarians are key in disease surveillance •   Agricultural bioterrorism a serious threat •   Production in livestock should be monitored  CE on foreign animal diseases needed View article   (PDF, 55 KB) Donald L. Noah, Harvey R. Crowder Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Jul 1;221(1):40-3. Other pathogens with human health consequences Animal bites Animal bites Highlights: •   Greatest risk: Dogs familiar to victim, home setting •   Hand wounds most prone to complications •   Animals with prior biting history more likely to bite  Be aware of potential for occult trauma View article   (PDF, 392 KB) Gary J. Patronek, Sally A. Slavinski Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Feb 1;234(3):336-45. Aquatic zoonoses Aquatic zoonoses associated with food, bait, ornamental, and tropical fish Highlights: •   Bacteria are most common zoonotic agents •   Mycobacterium spp: "fish handlers' disease" •   Abrasions are most common means of exposure  Gloves should be worn whenever handling fish View article   (PDF, 305 KB) Toby Lowry, Stephen A. Smith Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Sep 15;231(6):876-80. Avian influenza Avian influenza and Newcastle disease Highlights: •   Avian influenza viruses pose low risk to humans •   Newcastle disease in humans mild, self-limiting •   NDV has potential anticancer activity  Human infections with AIV, NDV are rare View article   (PDF, 182 KB) David E. Swayne, Daniel J. King Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Jun 1;222(11):1534-40. Bartonellosis Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic Bartonella infections Highlights: •   Primary agent: Bartonella henselae bacterium •   Cats are main reservoir; also rodents •   B berkhoffii a cause of endocarditis in dogs  Suspect B berkhoffii in dogs with cardiac disease View article   (PDF, 178 KB) Bruno B. Chomel, Henri Jean Boulouis, Edward B. Breitschwerdt Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Apr 15;224(8):1270-9. Borreliosis Lyme borreliosis Highlights: •   Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete •   Red, expanding rash early sign in humans •   Dogs most commonly develop lameness, fever  Prompt removal of ticks important View article   (PDF, 151 KB) Curtis L. Fritz, Anne M. Kjemtrup Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Nov 1;223(9):1261-70. Campylobacteriosis Human campylobacteriosis: a challenge for the veterinary profession Highlights: •   Campylobacter spp causes of foodborne illness •   Poultry, unpasteurized milk sources of infection •   5% of infections related to contact with dogs, cats  Fluoroquinolone resistance a challenge View article   (PDF, 445 KB) Sean F. Altekruse, Linda K. Tollefson Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Aug 15;223(4):445-52. Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis and related infections Highlights: •   Agents: Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp bacteria •   Transmitted via tick bites •   German Shepherd Dogs may be severely affected  Delayed treatment may result in serious disease View article   (PDF, 2044 KB) Jennifer H. McQuiston, Candace L. McCall, William L. Nicholson Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Dec 15;223(12):1750-6. Escherichia coli Animal issues associated withEscherichia coli O157:H7 Highlights: •   1 in 4 cattle at slaughter shedding E coli O157:H7 •   Undercooked beef source of infection in humans •   Antimicrobial resistance is low  Efforts to reduce fecal shedding in cattle are key View article   (PDF, 69 KB) Susan Sanchez, Margie D. Lee, Barry G. Harmon, John J. Maurer, Michael P. Doyle Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Oct 15;221(8):1122-6. Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Highlights: •   Rodents are most important maintenance hosts •   Water contaminated with urine a common source •   Cases in dogs have increased in US, Canada  Use gloves, goggles to prevent in-clinic exposure View article   (PDF, 322 KB) Marta A. Guerra Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Feb 15;234(4):472-8. Prion diseases Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Highlights: •   Prions: Abnormal isoforms of a cellular protein •   Cause of progressive, fatal neurodegeneration •   TSEs identified in various animals, humans  BSE, vCJD show species barrier can be breached View article   (PDF, 420 KB) James J. Sejvar, Lawrence B. Schonberger, Ermias D. Belay Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Dec 1;233(11):1705-12. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Highlights: •   Slow-onset, fatal encephalopathy of cattle •   Transmitted via ingestion of infected CNS tissue •   Mean incubation period in cattle is 4.5 to 5.5 years  Currently no test available for BSE in living animals View article   (PDF, 244 KB) Jane L. Harman, Christopher J. Silva Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Jan 1;234(1):59-72. Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever Highlights: •   Rickettsia rickettsii an intracellular bacterium •   Dogs and humans have clinical illness •   Rickettsiae induce vasculitis, thrombosis  Prompt removal of ticks, early diagnosis important View article   (PDF, 100 KB) Ronald D. Warner, Wallace W. Marsh Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Nov 15;221(10):1413-7. Salmonellosis Animal sources of salmonellosis in humans Highlights: •   Salmonella spp causes of foodborne illness •   Poultry, meat, eggs are most common sources •   Inapparent carrier state in animals a concern  Prevention of reintroduction is key control strategy View article   (PDF, 72 KB) Susan Sanchez, Charles L. Hofacre, Margie D. Lee, John J. Maurer, Michael P. Doyle Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Aug 15;221(4):492-7. Screwworms Screwworms Highlights: •   Screwworms a threat to US livestock industry •   Eradicated in 1966, but reintroduction a concern •   Persons, animals at risk if visit endemic countries  Be alert to wounds, myiasis in animals from Iraq View article   (PDF, 879 KB) James L. Alexander Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Feb 1;228(3):357-67. Sporotrichosis Sporotrichosis Highlights: •   Sporothrix schenckii a dimorphic fungus •   Disease often seen in gardeners •   Cats are key source of transmission to humans  Yeast-like cells on cytologic exam are diagnostic View article   (PDF, 186 KB) Ronald D. Welsh Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Oct 15;223(8):1123-6. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Highlights: •   Mycobacterium bovis can cause human infection •   M bovis spreads from wild to domestic animals •   Principal sign: emaciation despite good nutrition  Tuberculin skin test a practical diagnostic method View article   (PDF, 128 KB) John B. Kaneene, Charles O. Thoen Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Mar 1;224(5):685-91. West Nile virus West Nile virus Highlights: •   Top cause of human arboviral encephalitis in US •   Virus transmitted from wild birds to mosquitoes •   Horses, humans highly susceptible to disease  Potential zoonotic risk via fecal, oral shedding View article   (PDF, 121 KB) Rosalie Trevejo, Millicent Eidson Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 May 1;232(9):1302-9. Additional resources Biosecurity and precautionary measures The ABCs of bioterrorism for veterinarians, focusing on Category A agents Radford G. Davis Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Apr 1;224(7):1084-95. View article   (PDF, 193 KB) The ABCs of bioterrorism for veterinarians, focusing on Category B and C agents Radford G. Davis Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Apr 1;224(7):1096-104. View article   (PDF, 151 KB) Assessment of laboratory and biosafety practices associated with bacterial culture in veterinary clinics J. Scott Weese, John F. Prescott Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Feb 1;234(3):352-8. View article   (PDF, 381 KB) Characteristics of biosecurity and infection control programs at veterinary teaching hospitals Katharine M. Benedict, Paul S. Morley, David C. Van Metre Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Sep 1;233(5):767-73. View article   (PDF, 363 KB) Comparison of published recommendations regarding biosecurity practices for various production animal species and classes Dale A. Moore, Marcia L. Merryman, Marla L. Hartman; Donald J. Klingborg Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Jul 15;233(2):249-56. View article   (PDF, 222 KB) Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Aug 1;233(3):415-432. View article   (PDF, 717 KB) Evaluation of ProMED-mail as an electronic early warning system for emerging animal diseases: 1996 to 2004 Peter Cowen, Tam Garland, Martin E. Hugh-Jones, Arnon Shimshony, Stuart Handysides, Donald Kaye, Lawrence C. Madoff, Marjorie P. Pollack, Jack Woodall Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Oct 1;229(7):1090-9. View article   (PDF, 554 KB) Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States Jennifer G. Wright, Sherry Jung, Robert C. Holman, Nina N. Marano, Jennifer H. McQuiston Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Jun 15;232(12):1863-72. View article   (PDF, 565 KB) Methods and microbial risks associated with composting of animal carcasses in the United States Anna Catharina B. Berge, Thomas D. Glanville, Patricia D. Millner, Donald J. Klingborg Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Jan 1;234(1):47-56. View article   (PDF, 501 KB) Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings Jeff B. Bender, Stephanie A. Shulman Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Apr 1;224(7):1105-9. View article   (PDF, 114 KB) Risk behaviors for disease transmission among petting zoo attendees Marcy McMillian, John R. Dunn, James E. Keen, Karen L. Brady, Timothy F. Jones Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Oct 1;231(7):1036-8. View article   (PDF, 380 KB) A survey of veterinarian involvement in zoonotic disease prevention practices Beth A. Lipton, Sharon G. Hopkins, Jane E. Koehler, Ronald F. DiGiacomo Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Oct 15;233(8):1242-9. View article   (PDF, 650 KB) Zoonotic diseases Comparison of clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal Escherichia colifrom healthy dogs and their owners Katherine A. Stenske, David A. Bemis, Barbara E. Gillespie, Doris H. D'Souza, Stephen P. Oliver, Francis A. Draughon, Karla J. Matteson, Joseph W. Bartges Originally published in Am J Vet Res. 2009 Sep;70(9):1108-16. View article   (PDF, 669 KB) Compendium of measures to control Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds, 2005 Kathleen A. Smith, Kristy K. Bradley, Mary G. Stobierski, Leslie A. Tengelsen Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Feb 15;226(4):532-9. View article   (PDF, 99 KB) Incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and other health-care–associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions Sandra L. Lefebvre, Richard J. Reid-Smith, David Waltner-Toews, J. Scott Weese Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Jun 1;234(11):1404-17. View article   (PDF, 1008 KB) An investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in people and pets in the same household with an infected person or infected pet Meredith C. Faires, Kathy C. Tater, J. Scott Weese Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Sep 1;235(5):540-3. View article   (PDF, 461 KB) Outbreaks of zoonotic enteric disease associated with animal exhibits Jeffrey T. LeJeune, Margaret A. Davis Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 May 1;224(9):1440-5. View article   (PDF, 122 KB) Pathologic changes associated with brucellosis experimentally induced by aerosol exposure in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) Mark G. Mense, Richard H. Borschel, Catherine L. Wilhelmsen, M. Louise Pitt, David L. Hoover Originally published in Am J Vet Res. 2004 May;65(5):644-52. View article   (PDF, 450 KB) Prevalence of and risk factors for serum antibodies against Leptospira serovars in US veterinarians Ellen A. Spotts Whitney, Elizabeth Ailes, Lee M. Myers, Jeremiah T. Saliki, Ruth L. Berkelman Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Apr 1;234(7):938-44. View article   (PDF, 1163 KB) AVMA Collections: Rabies The articles in the Rabies collection have been selected to present an overview of current findings in veterinary medicine related to best practices in rabies prevention and control. Compiled September 2009 Go to AVMA Collection: Rabies A review of published reports regarding zoonotic pathogen infection in veterinarians Whitney S. Baker, Gregory C. Gray Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 May 15;234(10):1271-8. View article   (PDF, 449 KB) Serologic survey of cats and dogs during an epidemic of West Nile virus infection in humans James C. Kile, Nicholas A. Panella, Nicholas Komar, Catherine C. Chow, Adam MacNeil, Brent Robbins, Michel L. Bunning Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Apr 15;226(8):1349-53. View article   (PDF, 3432 KB) Use of tick surveys and serosurveys to evaluate pet dogs as a sentinel species for emerging Lyme disease Sarah A. Hamer, Jean I. Tsao, Edward D. Walker, Linda S. Mansfield, Erik S. Foster, Graham J. Hickling Originally published in Am J Vet Res. 2009 Jan;70(1):49-56. View article   (PDF, 585 KB) A veterinary perspective on the recently published guidelines for animal-assisted interventions in health-care facilities Sandra L. Lefebvre, Andrew S. Peregrine, Gail C. Golab, Nigel R. Gumley, David Waltner-Toews, J. Scott Weese Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Aug 1;233(3):394-402. View article   (PDF, 381 KB) What practitioners should know about bovine spongiform encephalopathy to serve clients and the cattle industry Jared D. Taylor Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Oct 1;227(7):1070-8. View article   (PDF, 236 KB) Miscellaneous Legal implications of zoonoses for clinical veterinarians Sarah Babcock, Antoinette E. Marsh, Jeanie Lin, John Scott Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Nov 15;233(10):1556-62. View article   (PDF, 227 KB)

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